Who enjoys humor more? conservatives or liberals?
Jake is about to chip onto the green at his local golf course when a long funeral procession passes by. He stops in mid swing, doffs his cap, closes his eyes and bows in prayer. His playing companion is deeply impressed. “That’s the most thoughtful and touching thing I’ve ever seen,” he says. Jake replies, “Yeah, well, we were married 35 years.”
Who do you think will find this joke more funny liberals or conservatives?
Common stereotypes link the word “liberal” with words such as open-mindedness, tolerance, and impartiality, while the word “conservative” is linked with tradition, caution, and conventional values. Given these associations we might expect that liberals will appreciate, and respond more to humor and jokes than conservatives. This was certainly our expectation going into this project, but, is this really the case?
To look into this question we approached 285 individuals in public places in Boston, asking them to answer a few questions about their political beliefs, and most importantly to rate how funny they found 22 jokes (see all jokes below). Some of the jokes we used were more funny, some were less funny, and in general they fell into seven categories: race, religion, golf, employment, Jack Handey’s deep thoughts, marriage, and family. Participants were asked to rate each joke on a scale from 1 (not funny at all) to 9 (hilarious).
At the end we had 140 self declared liberals and 145 self declared conservatives, and the results were not at all what we expected. As it turned out conservatives gave significantly higher rating to the jokes in each of the seven categories (see table below)!
So, is the stereotype of liberals as being funnier completely off? When we asked our respondents to self-report how funny they are, liberals indicated that they were funnier. This means that liberals are not finding life to be funnier, but they think they are.
What is the moral of all of this? I think it is that conservatives might not be as closed minded as we might expect, at least not in terms of humor.
By Elisabeth Malin and Dan Ariely
———————————–
Means table
Category |
Liberals |
Conservatives |
Difference |
Racial |
3.16 |
4.13 |
0.97 |
Family |
4.50 |
5.29 |
0.79 |
Golf |
4.13 |
4.90 |
0.77 |
Religion |
4.32 |
5.00 |
0.68 |
Employment |
4.34 |
4.98 |
0.64 |
Deep thoughts |
2.74 |
3.12 |
0.38
|
Marriage |
5.55 |
5.82 |
0.27 |
And here are the jokes we used (not all of them are funny…)
- Marriage jokes
A father and his son go into the drug store when they happen upon the condom aisle. The son asks his father why there are so many different boxes of condoms.
The father replies, “Well, you see that 3 pack? That’s for when you’re in high school. You have 2 for Friday night and 1 for Saturday night.”
Nodding agreement, the son asks his father, “Then what’s the 6 pack for?”
“That’s for when you’re in college,” the father says. “You have 2 for Friday night, 2 for Saturday night, and 2 for Sunday morning.”
Following this line of logic, the son enthusiastically asks what the 12 pack is for.
“That’s for when you’re married, son. You have one for January, one for February, one for March . . .”
Jake is about to chip onto the green at his local golf course when a long funeral procession passes by. He stops in mid swing, doffs his cap, closes his eyes and bows in prayer. His playing companion is deeply impressed. “That’s the most thoughtful and touching thing I’ve ever seen,” he says. Jake replies, “Yeah, well, we were married 35 years.”
Husband: When I get mad at you, you never fight back. How do you control your anger?
Wife: I clean the toilet bowl.
Husband: How does that help?
Wife: I use your toothbrush.
- Family jokes
The father calls his son a few days before Christmas.
“Son, I am sorry to inform you, but your mother and I are getting a divorce.”
“What, are you crazy? Did you tell my sister in Chicago yet?”
“No, I did not. Please call her. It is too painful for me.”
“Dad, I am calling her right now and we shall both be in New York tomorrow.”
The father hangs up the phone and shouts to his wife who is in the kitchen:
“Hey, Rose, both kids will be here for the holiday and they are paying for their own tickets this time.”
A mother and her young son returned from the grocery store and began putting away the groceries. The boy opened the box of animal crackers and spread them all over the table.
“What are you doing?” his mother asked.
“You can’t eat them if the seal is broken” the boy explained, “I’m looking for the seal.”
An Old Italian Mafia Don is dying. He calls his grandson to his bedside.
“Grandson, I wanna you lissina to me. I wanna for you to taka my chrome plated .38 revolver so you will always remember me.”
“But grandpa, I really don’t like guns. How about you leave me your Rolex watch instead?”
“You lissina me. Somma day you gonna be runna da business, you gonna have a beautiful wife, lotsa money, a big home and maybe a coupla bambinos. Somma day you gonna coma home and maybe finda your wife inna bed with another man. Whatta you gonna do then… pointa to your watch and say, ‘Times Up?’”
- Racial jokes
A young woman comes to her parents’ home with a tall African guy, with huge gold rings hanging from his ears and nose. The father screams at her: “I told you to marry a RICH doctor.”
What do you call 4 Mexicans swimming across the ocean? QUATTRO SINKO!
A black woman was filling out forms at the welfare office. Under “Number of children,” she wrote “10,” and where it said “List names of children,” she wrote “Leroy.” When she handed in the form, the woman behind the desk pointed out: “Now here where it says ‘List names of children,’ you’re supposed to write the names of each one of your children.” “Dey all named Leroy,” said the black woman. “That’s very unusual. When you call them, how do they know which one you want?” asked the welfare worker. “Oh, den I uses the last names.”
- Religious jokes
The priest was walking down the street looking sad.
“What happened,” asked a parishioner?
“I am afraid someone from the parish stole my umbrella.”
“Here’s what you do, priest. Next sermon talk about the 10 commandments and look around when you quote ‘thou shall not steal’ and see who bows his head in shame.”
Next week the priest walks happily down the avenue, twirling his umbrella.
The smart parishioner says “I see my advice worked.”
“Not exactly,” said the priest, “when I reached ‘Thou shall not commit adultery’, I remembered where I forgot it.”
After many years, a young Talmud student who had left the old country for America returns to visit the family.
“But– where is your beard?” asks his mother upon seeing him.
“Mama,” he replies, “In America, nobody wears a beard.”
“But at least you keep the Sabbath,” mama asks.
“Mama, business is business. In America, everybody works on the Sabbath.”
“But kosher food you still eat?” asks mama.
“Mama, in America, it is very difficult to keep kosher.”
The old lady ponders this information and then leans over and whispers in his ear, “Isaac, tell me, are you still circumcised?”
Jack and Max are walking from religious service. Jack wonders whether it would be all right to smoke while praying.
Max replies, “Why don’t you ask the Priest?”
So Jack goes up to the Priest and asks, “Father, may I smoke while I pray?”
The Priest replies, “No, my son, you may not! That’s utter disrespect to our religion.”
Jack goes back to his friend and tells him what the good Priest told him.
Max says, “I’m not surprised. You asked the wrong question. Let me try.”
And so Max goes up to the Priest and asks, “Father, may I pray while I smoke?”
To which the Priest eagerly replies, “By all means, my son. By all means. You can always pray whenever you want to.”
- Golf jokes
A retiree was given a set of golf clubs by his co-workers
Thinking he’d try the game, he asked the local pro for lessons, explaining that he knew nothing whatever of the game.
The pro showed him the stance and swing, then said “Just hit the ball toward the flag on the first green.”
The novice
teed up and smacked the ball straight down the fairway and onto the green, where it stopped inches from the hole.
“Now what?” the fellow asked the speechless pro.
“Uh…you’re supposed to hit the ball into the cup” the pro finally said, after he was able to speak again.
The retiree replied, “Oh great! NOW you tell me!”
Many years ago, in Scotland, a new game was invented.
It was ruled “Gentlemen Only…Ladies Forbidden” …and thus the word GOLF entered into the English language.
A couple met at Hilton Head and fell in love. They were discussing how they would continue the relationship after their vacations were over. “It’s only fair to warn you, Jody, I’m a golf nut. I live, eat, sleep and breathe golf.”
“Well, since you’re being honest, so will I,” she said. “I’m a hooker.”
“I see,” said Bill as he thought for a moment. “Well, it’s probably because you’re not keeping your wrists straight when you hit the ball.”
- Employment jokes
Mujibar was applying for a job in India. The Personnel Manager said, “Mujibar, you have passed all the tests, except one.” Mujibar said, “I am ready.” The manager said, “Make a sentence using the words Yellow, Pink and Green.” Mujibar thought for a few minutes and said, “Mister manager, I am ready.” The manager said, “Go ahead.” Mujibar said, “The telephone goes green, green, and I pink it up, and say, ‘Yellow, this is Mujibar.’”
The manager: you got the job.
The Ten Commandments of Employment
1. If it rings, put it on hold.
2. If it clunks, call the repairman.
3. If it whistles, ignore it.
4. If it’s a friend, stop work and chat.
5. If it’s the boss, look busy.
6. If it talks, take notes.
7. If it’s handwritten, type it.
8. If it’s typed, copy it.
9. If it’s copied, file it.
10. If it’s Friday, forget it!
A shopkeeper was dismayed when a brand new business much like his own opened up next door and erected a huge sign which read ‘BEST DEALS.’
He was horrified when another competitor opened up on his right, and announced its arrival with an even larger sign, reading ‘LOWEST PRICES.’
The shopkeeper panicked, until he got an idea. He put the biggest sign of all over his own shop. It read: ‘MAIN ENTRANCE.’
Employer: “In this job we need someone who is responsible.”
Applicant: “I’m the one you want. On my last job, every time anything went wrong, they said I was responsible.”
Deep Thoughts (by Jack Handey)
I think there should be something in science called the “reindeer effect.” I don’t know what it would be, but I think it’d be good to hear someone say, “Gentlemen, what we have here is a terrifying example of the reindeer effect.”
It takes a big man to cry, but it takes a bigger man to laugh at that man.
If you saw two guys named Hambone and Flippy, which one would you think liked dolphins the most? I’d say Flippy, wouldn’t you? You’d be wrong, though. It’s Hambone.


The Upside of Irrationality, explores some positive and some negative ways that irrationality plays out in our lives.

I don’t find the results very surprising, as it has always appeared that Republicans will laugh at almost anything–have you ever seen the emails they circulate? In particular, they find racism funny, which this seems to show. They also find things like rape funny (a la McCain’s “Ape” joke.)
I think the common wisdom is that liberals have a better sense of humor, not that they will laugh at anything, but that their jokes are funnier. Comics drawn by Republicans tend to be less funny, and often unpleasant. (Jack Higgins, Mallard Fillmore, ….) This didn’t seem to test that.
Uh, none of those jokes are funny. The society they reflect is conservative — one where male and female social circles are strictly segregated, where people with unsatisfying sexual lives have never heard of divorce, where people poke fun at stereotypes of outgroups rather than observations about oneself. How did you choose them?
It’s also a mistake to equate humour with jokes. Jokes are just one genre, a somewhat moribund one. They are no more representative of all humour than just newspaper comic strips or lolcat captions.
Here are some jokes I am likelier to find funny, with better categories:
Contrast
Q: Why did Jesus die on the cross?
A: ?
Q: He forgot the safeword.
Absurdist
Q: Ever hear the one about the Rabbi, the Imam, and the Priest walking into a bar?
A: No. What happenned?
Q: It went CLANNNNNNNNG.
Q: Why did the chicken cross the road?
A: ?
Q: To get to the other side.
Surreal
Q: How many conservatives does it take to screw in a lightbulb?
A: ?
Q: A giraffe.
I also found this anecdote screaming funny earlier today, but it might not translate to the general population:
http://www.duke.edu/web/DRAGO/humor/gazebo.html
Well, maybe you’re right, or maybe it’s something different.
Most of the jokes rely heavily on stereotypes (either of people or situations). The “funnier” the joke, the more you agree with the stereotype.
I just have to criticize:
“What do you call 4 Mexicans swimming across the ocean? QUATTRO SINKO!”
Mamma mia! Would these be Cuban Mexicans or Mexican Cubans? Yes, the joke is offensive on many levels regardless, but the geographical really shouldn’t be one of those levels.
Simple minds…simple pleasures. These jokes were either lame, predictable, or the same joke I had already heard.
“What is the moral of all of this? I think it is that conservatives might not be as closed minded as we might expect, at least not in terms of humor.”
No, there is no moral to all of this.
Interesting study.
In a future iteration, it would be interesting to categorize jokes by the style of humor involved.
http://consc.net/notes/humor.html
Also, are you sure that asking people about their political beliefs didn’t affect their reactions to your questions? For example, liberals might have been aware that you were correlating political beliefs to style of humor, and since they didn’t want a scientific study saying that liberals are racist, suppressed their laughter at the racist jokes.
“So, is the stereotype of liberals as being funnier completely off? When we asked our respondents to self-report how funny they are, liberals indicated that they were funnier. This means that liberals are not finding life to be funnier, but they think they do.”
There’s a difference between being funny and finding other jokes funny. In fact, the two may be negatively correlated. Tell the above jokes to a professional comedian, and you’ll barely get a chuckle, since they can see the punchline coming. It takes more to impress a pro.
Also, did you control for age/income/occupation/etc?
What about scaling bias? I’m always bothered by surveys that ask me how happy I am with something on a scale of 1 to 10 or 1 to 7 or whatever, since I’m never quite sure how I should set my scale. Are scales linear? Etc. Could liberals and conservatives set up their scales differently? Also, when the jokes were rated, were they read to the participants, played on a tape or CD player, or did the participants read them? I frequently find that reading a joke is not as funny as being read a joke, and the best joke readers know how to pace, fill in, and deliver.
Besides, how could you have left out the joke about the Rabbi and the Priest . . . and the ham? Not to mention two tickets to Titsburg. And my favorite ethnic joke? My wife is Moldovan, and there’s a great joke I tell (after hearing it in Moldova, of course) to explain Moldova to people. They get it, they laugh, and the Moldovans are proud of it. It involves reading books . . .
What about political correctness of liberals? I see myself as a liberal and there are jokes I don’t find funny. In particular, offensive jokes or jokes making fun of stereotypes can be funny, but I find them unfunny when their only feature is offensiveness. But I believe many conservatives may find them funny.
Most people reading this blog have come to the defense of the liberals, and there’s certainly merit to their arguments. I’d like to chime in on the side of the conservatives – why oh why did you expect them to like laughing less?
Conservatives do indeed value ‘traditional’ things like marriage, continuity, community, and social gatherings. Humour fits very comfortably into that grouping.
Being conservative – or liberal – probably affects *which* jokes you find funny, but everyone likes a laugh, and conservatives are probably only *more* likely to appreciate humour which plays on their own traditions – like these ones.
Toby Ovod-Everett,
What Moldova jokes do you have? I happen to be doing some research in Moldova right now…
Whether it has to do with liberals and conservatives, I don’t know, but people who say they are “funnier” are likely people who appreciate humor because they know how tough it is. And people who appreciate things (a la connoisseurs) have much finer tastes and don’t find just any old things worthy of their approval. People who really appreciate wit would not rate most of these jokes very high. Now show your self-proclaimed “unfunny” people New Yorker cartoons and see what you get
The study only looked at humor appreciation, which has been found to be something of a dead-end in humor research circles. The researchers should consider using the Humor Styles Questionnaire next time to see if there is a difference how liberals and conservatives USE humor in their daily lives.
I’m just relieved to see that people across the board realized that these jokes weren’t very funny at all. You should’ve thrown some political jokes in.
You’ve probably heard this one. And I apologize for my spelling in Romanian – my Romanian is pretty pathetic (my 20 month old son recently passed me in understanding Romanian – I’ve been learning with him.
Mos Ioan is the most productive worker on his kolkhoz, and so the newspaper for the Komsomolists decided to interview him in an attempt to imbue the next generation with proper Soviet work ethic. So the interviewer asked him, “Mos Ioan, how is it that you are so productive? Why don’t you start by describing your day.”
Mos Ioan: Well, I get up in the morning, bright and early, and the first thing I do is drink a glass of wine.
Interviewer: Hmmm. I don’t think we should be encouraging that in our youth. Why don’t we write instead, “I read a book.”
Mos Ioan: OK. I read a book. Then I head out to let the cows out to pasture, and when I get back, I read another book. Then I come back and feed the chickens and read another book. Then I go eat a little breakfast and read a few books with breakfast. Then I figure out what I’m going to do that day. Maybe the fields need plowing, so I hook up the plow to the horse and I read a quick book. Then I plow from one end of the field to the other and read a book. Then I plow back to the first end and read another book. And so it goes until the field is plowed. Then I put the horse back in the stable, give it some food, and read another book. Maybe have a bite to eat for lunch and read another book. Then maybe I go prune some trees in the orchard. Every few trees, I read another book. Then I come in for dinner, read a few books with dinner. Then I head out to the pasture and bring the cows in and read a book or two while I’m walking back with the cows.
Interviewer: That all sounds like a pretty good days work. What do you do in the evening to relax?
Mos Ioan: Oh, I head over to my friend Vasili’s. And you’ll never guess what Vasili has in his basement!
Interviewer: What?
Mos Ioan: He’s got a whole fucking library!
P.S. Vasili’s library, which has the finest books I’ve ever read:
http://www.ovod-everett.org/cgi-bin/photos/photo.pl?photo=2005-CAROL-005/0002&authcode=J2P3E4C9&resize=screen
P.P.S. If I remember any more jokes (have to stop reading for a while so my brain can function
), I’ll post ‘em.
Dear Elisabeth and Dan,
I’d like to propose another explanation to the results. Being brazilian, I don’t really understand the differences between Liberals and Republicans, but I think this will make sense anyway…
Maybe a LIBERAL is more used to jokes, irony and sarcasm. So, he will need a better joke to laugh at.
On the other hand, a REPUBLICAN may be more naïve and almost everything might sound funny to him.
Does it make any sense whatsoever?
Best regards,
Rodolfo.
I am Liberal and love a good laugh, but not at the expense of others–unless, of course, the “others” are Conservative.
I think that you may have primed your study subjects with the question about there (political/social) leanings. A good followup study that may provide additional info might be to ask them about their leanings after they score the jokes.
What about the one about the guy with no sense of humor who always tells jokes, and the other hilarious guy who is genuinely enormously funny and doesn’t know any jokes?
Rating jokes highly might actually demonstrate a person’s un-funnyness.
I think this data might be more useful if you broke it down by age, as I think that may be a much bigger factor than ideology. As someone under 25, I almost immediately identified most of those jokes as the kind I would receive in a crappy e-mail forward, complete with cheesy clip art. I have a hunch that my generation is more likely to be turned off by those jokes, and seeing as young respondents are much more likely to be liberal, it may have skewed the results. If you were to compare liberals vs. conservatives over the age of 30, I would expect the results to be much closer.
Wow. I once respected this blog.
I’m noticing the largest difference is in the “racial” category. Liberals, I would guess, have a stronger sense of social equality, and might unconsciously inhibit themselves from finding racial jokes funny, along with jokes poking fun at gays, immigrants from various countries, and other such groups.
Is it possible that asking the participants’ their political beliefs prior to showing them the jokes caused the liberals to be primed to reject humor associated with such categories? I’m curious if the racial jokes show the same large difference if the participants are asked their political beliefs after rating the jokes.
“There are no jokes about liberals, because being a liberal is no laughing matter.”
It looks like this study hit a little too close to home for some here.
Even a man of the world who has heard every joke and laughs at nothing can objectively rate these jokes and place them on a scale of 1 to 9.
There is a deep insecurity involved when someone doesn’t find these jokes funny and then worries that it questions the validity of their life.
I’m an independant and I didn’t find most of them funny for one reason. It’s a mean kind of funny. Funny at someone else’s expense is all too common.
The funniest one was by the moldavian about the drinking being replaced with books. It was situational and told a story rather than playing on stereotypes and labels.
I think the wrong question was asked and tested for. The question should have been: who is LESS likely to have a sense of humor, a lib eral or a conservative.
In the same vein, didn’t Winston Churchill say: “It is not true that most stupid people are Tories; what I said was that most Tories are stupid people.”?
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